Females attempt to prevent this infanticide by hiding or directly defending their cubs lionesses are generally more successful at protecting older cubs, as they would be leaving the pride sooner. This has the effect of shortening the time before the cubs’ mothers are ready to mate again. If a new cohort of males is able to take over a pride, they will seek to kill young cubs sired by their predecessors. Small coalitions typically comprise related males, whereas larger groups often include unrelated individuals. Cooperating partnerships of two to four males are more successful at maintaining tenure with a pride than individuals, and larger coalitions father more surviving offspring per male.
Mating opportunities for nomad males are rare, and competition between male lions to defend a pride’s territory and mate with the pride females is fierce. Male cubs are expelled from the pride at about three years of age and become nomads until they are old enough to try to take over another pride (after age five). Some female cubs remain within the pride when they attain sexual maturity, but others are forced out and join other prides or wander as nomads.
In the wild, sexual maturity is reached at three or four years of age. There is a corresponding high mortality rate (e.g., 86 percent in the Serengeti), but survival rates improve after the age of two. Although lionesses will nurse cubs other than their own, they are surprisingly inattentive mothers and often leave their cubs alone for up to 24 hours. They begin participating in kills by 11 months but probably cannot survive on their own until they are two years old. Cubs are able to follow their mothers at about three months of age and are weaned by six or seven months. Newborn cubs are helpless and blind and have a thick coat with dark spots that usually disappear with maturity.
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